ISSN 3028-8940

JULY-DECEMBER 2025;2(2):110-124

RIGINAL ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.36097/rgcs.v2i2.3193

110 San Gregorio de Portoviejo University | Ecuador

Sedentary lifestyle as a leading factor in cardiovascular disease in the Honorato Vázquez

community in Ecuador

Sedentarismo como factor determinante de enfermedad cardiovascular en la comunidad Honorato

Vázquez en Ecuador

María M. Orellana

* , Manuel A. Navarrete

, Marcos G. Sabando

, Julio L. Quinteros

Elián J. Rivadeneira

, Víctor V. Román

, Orelvis Rodríguez

Carrera de Medicina, Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador.

Hospital Básico Chone, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social, Manabí, Ecuador.

*Corresponding author

Reception: 14-05-2025 Acceptance: 11-07-2025 Publication: 31-07-2025

ABSTRACT

Sedentary behavior is a key factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), posing an increasing threat

to public health. This study aimed to analyze individual, social, and environmental factors influencing the adoption of

a sedentary lifestyle in the Honorato Vásquez parish, Santana canton (Manabí, Ecuador). A descriptive study was

conducted with 144 participants aged 30 years or older, classified by physical activity levels. Structured surveys

assessed knowledge, habits, and conditions related to a sedentary lifestyle. Results revealed that 70% of respondents

spent over 10 hours a day sitting, and 60% experienced symptoms like joint pain without physical exertion. Although

80% were aware of the risks and expressed willingness to change, barriers such as lack of time and inadequate public

spaces remain. It is concluded that sedentary behavior is a prevalent risk factor that is exacerbated by social and

environmental conditions. Community-based strategies are urgently needed to promote active lifestyles and reduce

CVD incidence.

Keywords: sedentary behavior, cardiovascular diseases, physical activity, risk factors, community health.

RESUMEN

El sedentarismo es un factor determinante en el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), representando

una amenaza creciente para la salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores individuales, sociales

y ambientales que inciden en la adopción de un estilo de vida sedentario en la parroquia Honorato Vásquez, cantón

Santana (Manabí, Ecuador). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 144 participantes mayores de 30 años, clasificados

por niveles de actividad física. Se aplicaron encuestas estructuradas para evaluar conocimientos, hábitos y condiciones

asociadas al sedentarismo. Los resultados mostraron que el 70 % de los encuestados permanecía sentado más de 10

horas al día y el 60 % presentaba síntomas como dolor articular sin ejercicio. Además, aunque el 80 % conocía los

riesgos del sedentarismo y mostró interés en cambiar, persisten barreras como la falta de tiempo y espacios adecuados

para la actividad física. Se concluye que el sedentarismo es un factor de riesgo prevalente, agravado por condiciones

sociales y ambientales. Es urgente implementar estrategias comunitarias que promuevan hábitos activos para reducir

la incidencia de ECV.

Palabras clave: sedentarismo, enfermedades cardiovasculares, actividad física, factores de riesgo, salud comunitaria.

Cite as: Orellana, M. M., Navarrete, M. A., Sabando, M. G., Quinteros, J. L., Rivadeneira, E. J., Román, V. V., and Rodríguez, O.

(2025). Sedentary lifestyle as a leading factor in cardiovascular disease in the Honorato Vázquez community in Ecuador. Revista

Gregoriana de Ciencias de la Salud, 2(2), 110-124. https://doi.org/10.36097/rgcs.v2i2.3193

Revista Gregoriana de Ciencias de la Salud. Bi-annual peer-reviewed publication. ISSN 3028-8940 / July-December 2025;2(2):110-124

San Gregorio de Portoviejo University | Ecuador 111

INTRODUCTION

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality

worldwide, with a sedentary lifestyle being one of the most relevant risk factors in their

development (Hernández et al., 2020). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a

sedentary lifestyle is responsible for approximately two million deaths annually. It is among the

ten leading causes of death and disability (Delgado et al., 2022). It is estimated that between 60

and 85% of the population, both adults and young people, do not exercise enough to maintain good

health, which increases the risk of disease. Physical inactivity contributes significantly to the onset

of pathologies such as high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke, which

harm quality of life and health systems (Cañarte et al., 2024).

Several studies have shown that sitting for more than 10 hours a day is associated with an

increased cardiovascular risk, even in individuals who engage in moderate to vigorous physical

activity (Cruz et al., 2021). This phenomenon is particularly concerning in modern societies, where

teleworking, excessive use of electronic devices, and urban lifestyles have contributed to the

development of sedentary habits that affect all age groups (Zavala et al., 2024).

While regular exercise is a fundamental strategy for CVD prevention, reducing sedentary

time is equally crucial (Álvarez et al., 2022). In this context, it is essential to promote interventions

focused on education, awareness, and environmental adaptation to promote a more active lifestyle

(Prada & Cuevas, 2022).

While genetics influences the predisposition to various diseases, lifestyle plays a crucial

role in preventing them. Regular physical activity and a balanced diet can mitigate the effects of

hereditary predispositions. However, many people lack motivation or are unaware of the risks

associated with a sedentary lifestyle (Ahumada & Toffoletto, 2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this problem, as lockdowns increased downtime

due to teleworking and virtual education. This led to greater exposure to screens, increased anxiety,

poor nutrition, and a significant reduction in physical activity, resulting in a higher risk of

cardiovascular disease and increased mortality (León et al., 2014).

On the contrary, regular physical activity is a fundamental tool for preventing and treating

various diseases, playing a key role at all stages of life, including pregnancy and aging. (Barboza

Sedentary lifestyle as a leading factor in cardiovascular disease in the Honorato Vázquez community in Ecuador

Orellana, Navarrete, Sabando, Quinteros, Rivadeneira, Román, and Rodríguez

112 San Gregorio de Portoviejo University | Ecuador

Palomino, 2020) . Additionally, it enhances cognitive function in older adults and contributes to a

better quality of life (Paredes, 2024), which is particularly relevant given the close relationship

between the nutritional status and quality of life of the elderly, as noted in recent systematic

reviews (Angulo et al., 2022).

The impact of a sedentary lifestyle not only affects individual health but also the economy,

increasing the financial burden derived from chronic diseases. Despite scientific evidence on the

benefits of exercise, work demands and a lack of time remain significant barriers to adopting an

adequate physical activity routine (Chalapud & Rosero, 2021). The objective of this study was to

analyze the individual, social, and environmental factors that contribute to a sedentary lifestyle in

different population groups within the Honorato Vásquez parish of the Santana canton, Manabí

province, and to propose effective strategies to encourage a more active lifestyle.

METHODOLOGY

The study focused on a population over 30 years of age, considering a sedentary lifestyle

as a determining factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. Participants were selected

using a non-probability convenience sampling method, with 65 individuals chosen based on their

availability and willingness to provide informed consent. The variables analyzed were classified

as dependent, independent, and control variables.

Dependent variables included the level of knowledge about the effects of a sedentary

lifestyle on cardiovascular health, familiarity with programs offered by the health center for its

prevention, adherence to drug treatment in those with associated conditions, and lifestyle changes.

These habits included diet, physical inactivity, and reducing or eliminating the use of harmful

substances such as tobacco and alcohol.

The primary independent variable in this study was the age of the respondents, as it is

considered a determining factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases associated with a

sedentary lifestyle. As people age, there is a natural decline in muscle mass, flexibility, and aerobic

capacity, which can lead to less physical activity and, consequently, a more sedentary lifestyle.

This behavior increases the risk of high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and

obesity, all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

For data collection, previously validated structured surveys were applied to assess

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San Gregorio de Portoviejo University | Ecuador 113

knowledge about high blood pressure, therapeutic adherence, and lifestyle changes.

The methodological process was structured into several stages, beginning with data

collection through the administration of an individual questionnaire to each participant. The

collected information was then subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, using absolute

frequencies and percentages to evaluate categorical variables. To gain a comprehensive

understanding of the impact of sedentary lifestyles on cardiovascular health, a 33-question

questionnaire was developed. This instrument allowed for a deeper understanding of the most

relevant aspects related to knowledge about sedentary lifestyles, participation in physical activity

promotion programs, and lifestyle changes among respondents.

The study was conducted in strict adherence to bioethical principles, respecting the

guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Data confidentiality and anonymization were ensured

by assigning codes instead of names, thereby protecting participant identities. Furthermore, all

subjects included provided informed consent, ensuring their voluntary participation. The

methodology employed in this research guaranteed the integrity, reproducibility, and scientific

validity of the study, enabling the generation of evidence on sedentary lifestyles in a community

setting.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1 shows the age distribution of the study sample. A total of 144 people were

analyzed and classified into three groups based on their physical activity level: sedentary, less

active, and active. The sample was divided into three groups: 65 participants were classified as

sedentary, 43 as less active, and 36 as active.

The highest percentage is observed among people under 30 years of age, suggesting that

this group could benefit from strategies promoting physical activity from an early age to prevent

long-term risks. As age increases, the proportion of people also increases in certain groups,

indicating the need for specific interventions to promote healthy habits and reduce sedentary

lifestyles in the older adult population. The implementation of programs focused on mobility,

adapted exercises, and education about the benefits of physical activity is key to mitigating the

impact of sedentary lifestyles on cardiovascular health in these age groups.

Sedentary lifestyle as a leading factor in cardiovascular disease in the Honorato Vázquez community in Ecuador

Orellana, Navarrete, Sabando, Quinteros, Rivadeneira, Román, and Rodríguez

114 San Gregorio de Portoviejo University | Ecuador

Figure 1. Demographic range.

An analysis of indicators related to sedentary lifestyles and their potential health effects

reveals a high prevalence of risk factors in the population (Table 1). It is observed that 70% of

people work or study in activities that require them to sit for long periods. In comparison, 65% use

public transport for short trips, reflecting a low level of physical activity. Furthermore, 55% report

experiencing frequent fatigue, and 60% report muscle or joint pain, even without exercising, which

could be associated with inactivity. Additional factors such as tobacco use (20%) and alcohol use

(35%), along with a family history of cardiovascular disease in 45% of respondents, increase the

risk of developing cardiovascular conditions.

Table 1. Sedentary habits and cardiovascular risk in the population

Indicator

Absolute

frequency

Percentage

Use of transport for short trips

Work or study that requires sitting for long periods

101

Frequent tiredness or fatigue

Muscle or joint pain without exercise

Frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages

Tobacco use

Family history of cardiovascular disease

These data underscore the importance of implementing strategies that promote physical

activity, reduce sedentary lifestyles, and enhance lifestyle habits to prevent chronic diseases and

improve the overall quality of life for the population (Table 2).

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Table 2. Knowledge and habits about sedentary lifestyles and cardiovascular risk in the

population

Indicator

Absolute

frequency

Percentage

Sedentary lifestyle

Knowledge about a sedentary lifestyle

115

Interest in adopting more active habits

115

Based on the indicators presented, it is observed that 50% of the analyzed population

maintains a sedentary lifestyle, which is a significant risk factor for the development of

cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, 80% of people are aware of the adverse effects of a

sedentary lifestyle, reflecting a widespread understanding of this behavior. Despite this awareness,

80% also expressed interest in adopting more active habits, suggesting a willingness to improve

lifestyles, although a challenge remains regarding the implementation of concrete changes. This

overview emphasizes the importance of intervening in the modification of sedentary habits,

promoting regular physical activity as a key strategy for preventing cardiovascular diseases

(García, 2019).

Figure 2 illustrates the frequency of daily meal consumption in the population, enabling us

to analyze their eating habits and assess their potential impact on health. It is observed that the

majority eat between one and four meals a day, although a significant percentage consumes only

one or two. An insufficient or unbalanced diet, combined with a sedentary lifestyle, can increase

the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Therefore, it is essential to promote adequate and balanced nutrition, accompanied by

regular physical activity, to improve health and prevent long-term complications (Urdánigo et al.,

2022). Furthermore, in this context, healthy traditional preparations should also be valued as part

of the local cultural identity. Typical Manabí dishes can have a high nutritional energy density

when prepared appropriately, reinforcing the need to preserve healthy traditional food practices

(Alvarado et al., 2021; Alvarado & Zambrano, 2023).

Several studies indicate that an irregular dietary pattern can be associated with lower

nutritional density and energy imbalances, which have also been observed in university

populations with unhealthy habits (Forbes-Hernández et al., 2021).

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116 San Gregorio de Portoviejo University | Ecuador

Figure 2. Meals per day.

Figure 3 shows that 40% of the population consumes fast food or ultra-processed foods 2

to 3 times per week, indicating a high frequency of consumption of these products, known for their

negative impact on cardiovascular health. Thirty percent of people choose to eat them once a week,

which still represents a significant exposure to this type of food. On the other hand, 20% rarely

consume fast food or ultra-processed foods, reflecting a more moderate behavior. Only 10% of the

population admits to consuming these products daily, which, although low, highlights a concern

about eating habits in their daily diet. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that diets with low

total antioxidant capacity, characteristic of populations with high intake of ultra-processed foods,

can disrupt the redox balance and increase cardiovascular vulnerability (Forbes-Hernández et al.,

2023).

Figure 3. Ultra-processed foods per week.

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These consumption patterns highlight the importance of promoting nutritional education to

mitigate the risk of diet-related diseases, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease (Garrochamba,

2024). This phenomenon aligns with the social perception of junk food as an accessible and

appealing food option, despite its detrimental health effects (Gallardo & García, 2023).

Figure 4 shows that 35% of people consume between 3 and 5 glasses of water per day,

while 30% choose between 6 and 8 glasses of water. Only 15% exceed the recommended intake

of 8 glasses, indicating that a small portion of the population meets the recommended intake of

adequate water. Approximately 20% of people drink fewer than three glasses of water per day,

which may not be sufficient to maintain good hydration and promote overall health.

Figure 4. Daily water intake.

These data underscore the importance of promoting good hydration habits, as water is

crucial for maintaining optimal body function, including alternatives such as natural functional

beverages. Isotonic drinks based on tropical fruits, such as pineapple, have been shown to improve

rehydration and provide bioactive compounds beneficial for cardiovascular health (Ruiz & García,

2022; García et al., 2023; Ruiz et al., 2018).

Figure 5 shows that 40% of people sleep between 7 and 8 hours each night, which is

adequate rest. 29% sleep between 5 and 6 hours, which may not be enough for a good night's sleep.

Another 15% sleep less than 5 hours, which can affect health and daily performance. The other

15% sleep more than 8 hours, which may be excessive for the body. These patterns underscore the

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118 San Gregorio de Portoviejo University | Ecuador

importance of striking a balance in sleep hours to maintain good health (Delgado et al., 2022).

Figure 5. Sleep time.

Figure 6 shows that 40% of people engage in physical activity between one and two days

a week for at least 30 minutes. Another 30% do not engage in any regular physical activity, which

can increase the risk of disease. Twenty percent exercise between three and five days a week, while

only 10% manage to engage in physical activity more than five days a week. These results indicate

that, although a portion of the population exercises with some regularity, a significant percentage

still fails to meet the minimum physical activity recommendations for maintaining good health.

Figure 6. Physical activity.

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Figure 7 shows that 40% of people spend between 30 minutes and 1 hour outdoors each

day, which is a reasonable amount of time to enjoy the benefits of sun exposure and physical

activity. A further 25% spend less than 30 minutes outdoors, which could limit these benefits.

Another 25% spend between 1 and 2 hours outdoors, which is even better for health. However,

only 10% spend more than 2 hours outdoors, which can be ideal for improving physical and mental

well-being. These patterns reflect the importance of increasing outdoor time to improve overall

health.

Figure 7. Outdoor time.

The results confirm that a sedentary lifestyle is a key risk factor in the development of

cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both the high prevalence of CVD in the sedentary group (60%) and

the difference compared to the active participants (22%) demonstrate the negative impact of

physical inactivity. Although the inactive group showed a lower prevalence (45%), their activity

levels were not sufficient for adequate cardiovascular protection.

Prolonged inactivity was a determining factor: 70% of sedentary individuals spent more

than 10 hours a day sitting, compared to only 20% of active individuals. This reinforces the

relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiovascular risk, aligning with previous studies

that associate inactivity with metabolic disturbances and systemic inflammation.

The main barriers to physical activity were a lack of time, mentioned by 50% of sedentary

individuals and 40% of inactive individuals. However, only 20% of active individuals considered

Sedentary lifestyle as a leading factor in cardiovascular disease in the Honorato Vázquez community in Ecuador

Orellana, Navarrete, Sabando, Quinteros, Rivadeneira, Román, and Rodríguez

120 San Gregorio de Portoviejo University | Ecuador

this factor an obstacle, suggesting that time management is key to adopting healthy habits.

Furthermore, 80% of sedentary individuals reported a lifestyle that favors inactivity, indicating the

significant influence of environmental factors and habits on physical behavior.

These findings underscore the need for interventions to promote physical activity in the

Honorato Vázquez parish. Strategies such as awareness campaigns, community programs, and the

development of recreational spaces can help reduce the prevalence of CVD. Furthermore, it is

essential to address perceived barriers by promoting the integration of exercise into daily life

through short, intense activities, active breaks at work, and active transportation.

The results highlight that a sedentary lifestyle is a predominant risk factor for CVD in the

Honorato Vázquez parish. The combination of long periods of inactivity, poor eating habits, and

barriers to physical activity significantly contributes to the high prevalence of these diseases.

Furthermore, the population's lifestyle demonstrated vulnerability to factors that limit mobility.

The reduction in physical activity due to sedentary habits had direct consequences for the increased

cardiovascular risk.

CONCLUSIONS

A sedentary lifestyle has been recognized as one of the most significant risk factors in the

development of cardiovascular diseases, as it contributes considerably to the onset of health

problems such as high blood pressure, T2DM, obesity, and dyslipidemia, all of which are closely

linked to increased cardiovascular risk. This behavior, characterized by little or no physical

activity, has been widely studied in the scientific and medical fields, demonstrating its negative

impact on health. In addition to a sedentary lifestyle, other factors influence the development of

these conditions, such as poor eating habits, smoking, chronic stress, and genetic predisposition,

which together increase the likelihood of suffering from heart and vascular diseases. These

findings underscore the importance of implementing strategies that promote health and prevent

these diseases through education, awareness, and programs aimed at encouraging a more active

and healthier lifestyle. This approach is crucial for mitigating risks and enhancing the quality of

life.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Mario A. García for his critical review of the manuscript.

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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: María M. Orellana and Manuel A. Navarrete. Data curation: María

M. Orellana and Manuel A. Navarrete. Formal analysis: María M. Orellana and Manuel A.

Navarrete. Research: María M. Orellana, Manuel A. Navarrete, Marcos G. Sabando, Leonardo

Quinteros, and Elián Rivadeneira. Methodology: Víctor V. Román and Orelvis Rodríguez.

Software: María M. Orellana and Manuel A. Navarrete. Supervision: Víctor V. Román and

Orelvis Rodríguez. Validation: Víctor V. Román and Orelvis Rodríguez. Visualization: María

M. Orellana and Manuel A. Navarrete. Writing of the original draft: María M. Orellana, Manuel

A. Navarrete, Marcos G. Sabando, Leonardo Quinteros, and Elián Rivadeneira. Writing, review,

and editing: María M. Orellana, Manuel A. Navarrete, Marcos G. Sabando, Leonardo Quinteros,

Elián Rivadeneira, Víctor V. Román, and Orelvis Rodríguez.

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